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<title>Permic languages</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Permic languages</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: black; background-color: #a8fe74;">Permic</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br>distribution</th><td class="infobox-data">foothills of the <a href="Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a> in <a href="Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Permians" title="Permians">Permians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Permic</b></li></ul></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data">

<ul><li>Komi<br>  • <a href="Komi-Permyak_language" title="Komi-Permyak language">Permyak</a><br>  • <a href="Komi-Yazva_language" title="Komi-Yazva language">Yazva</a><br>  • <a href="Komi_language" title="Komi language">Zyryan</a></li>

<li><a href="Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a></li></ul>

</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #a8fe74;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/perm1256">perm1256</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"></span><div style="text-align:left;">Distribution of the Permic languages at the beginning of the 20th century<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The <b>Permic</b> or <b>Permian</b> languages are a branch of the <a href="Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> language family. They are spoken in several regions to the west of the <a href="Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a> within the <a href="Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a>. The total number of speakers is around 950,000, of which around 550,000 speak the most widely spoken language, <a href="Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a>. Like other Uralic languages, the Permic languages are primarily agglutinative and have a rich system of grammatical cases. Unlike many other agglutinative languages, they do not have <a href="Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-graz_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-graz-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The earliest Permic language to be preserved in writing was Old Permic or Old Zyryan, in the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-graz_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-graz-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2></div>

<p>The extant Permic languages are:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt (Votyak)</a></li>

<li><a href="Komi-Zyryan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Komi-Zyryan language">Komi (Zyryan)</a></li>

<li><a href="Komi-Permyak_language" title="Komi-Permyak language">Permyak (Komi-Permyak)</a></li>

<li><a href="Komi-Yazva_language" title="Komi-Yazva language">Yazva (Komi-Yazva)</a></li></ul>

<p>The Permic languages have traditionally been classified as <a href="Finno-Permic_languages" title="Finno-Permic languages">Finno-Permic languages</a>, along with the Finnic, Saami, Mordvin, and Mari languages. The Finno-Permic and <a href="Ugric_languages" title="Ugric languages">Ugric languages</a> together made up the <a href="Finno-Ugric_languages" title="Finno-Ugric languages">Finno-Ugric family</a>. However, this taxonomy has more recently been called into question, and the relationship of the Permic languages to other Uralic languages remains uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-case_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-case-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The word <i>Permian</i> can be traced back philologically to the Russian word <i>Perem</i> (Перемь) or <i>Perm</i> (Пермь) which is found in medieval Russian chronicles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiese2015249_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiese2015249-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word was initially used to designate certain territories, including the lower reaches of the <a href="Northern_Dvina" title="Northern Dvina">Dvina River</a>, as well as the area bounded by the <a href="Pechora" title="Pechora">Pechora</a>, <a href="Vychegda" title="Vychegda">Vychegda</a> and <a href="Kama_(river)" title="Kama (river)">Kama</a> rivers in the north, west and south, and the <a href="Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Urals</a> in the east, which was incorporated into the Russian state in the late 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiese2015249_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiese2015249-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>Permian</i> was then used to designate the non-Russian peoples who lived in there, which mostly included the <a href="Komi_peoples" title="Komi peoples">Zyrians</a>, and the Russians later began using the appellation <i>Zyrian</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiese2015249_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiese2015249-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 19th century, the word <i>Permian</i> was used in scholarly writing to designate the Zyrians and the <a href="Udmurts" title="Udmurts">Udmurts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiese2015249_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiese2015249-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2></div>

<p><a href="Proto-Uralic_language" title="Proto-Uralic language">Proto-Uralic</a> word roots have been subject to particularly heavy reduction in the Permic languages.

</p>

<ul><li>Original geminates *pp, *tt, *kk were reduced to single voiceless stops *p, *t, *k.</li>

<li>Between vowels, original single *p, *t, *k as well as *w and *x were lost entirely.</li>

<li>Second-syllable vowels were lost entirely. This was obscured in Udmurt by adding <i>-ы</i> to certain words. (PU *lumi "snow" → Udm <i>лымы</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lɯˈmɯ/</span> vs PU *lämi "broth" → Udm <i>лым</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lɯm/</span>).</li>

<li>The sibilants *s, *ś, *š have remained distinct from each other in all positions, but were voiced to *z, *ž, *ź <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z<span class="wrap"> </span>ʒ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʑ]</span> between voiced sounds.</li>

<li>Consonant clusters were largely simplified: in particular nasal + stop/affricate clusters yield voiced stops/affricates, and stop + sibilant clusters yield voiceless sibilants.</li></ul>

<p>A peculiarity of Permic is the occurrence of the voiced consonants such as *b, *g word-initially even in inherited vocabulary, apparently a development from original PU voiceless consonants.

</p><p>The Proto-Permic consonant inventory is reconstructed as:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartens200033_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartens200033-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECsúcs2005101–102_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECsúcs2005101–102-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELytkin197010–21_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELytkin197010–21-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

</th>

<th><a href="Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a>

</th>

<th><a href="Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a>

</th>

<th><a href="Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a>

</th>

<th><a href="Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th colspan="2"><a href="Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a>

</th>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="2"><a href="Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a>

</th>

<th><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span>

</th>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span>

</th>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="2"><a href="Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a>

</th>

<th><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span>

</th>

<td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span>

</th>

<td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th rowspan="2"><a href="Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a>

</th>

<th><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span>

</th>

<td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span>

</th>

<td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th colspan="2"><a href="Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a>

</th>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th colspan="2"><a href="Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a>

</th>

<td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>This inventory is retained nearly unchanged in the modern-day Permic languages.

</p><p>Komi has merged original <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*w</span> into <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʋ/</span> and undergone a word-final a change <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*l</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʋ/<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>/w/</span> in many dialects, while Udmurt has changed word-initially <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*r</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡ʒ/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡ʑ/</span>. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*ŋ</span> is retained only in some Udmurt dialects; in other Permic varieties it has become <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span> next to <a href="Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">back vowels</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> next to central vowels, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɲ/</span> next to <a href="Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front vowels</a>.

</p><p>In later Russian loanwords, the consonants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f<span class="wrap"> </span>x<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡s/</span> may occur.

</p><p>The consonant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*w</span> was marginal and occurred only word-initially or after a word-initial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*k</span>, generally traceable to diphthongization of the close back vowel of the 2nd series. An exceptional word is the numeral "six", <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*kwatʲ</span>, which in Komi is the only native word root with an initial cluster.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Literary <a href="Komi-Zyryan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Komi-Zyryan language">Komi</a> and literary <a href="Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a> both possess a seven-vowel system <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i<span class="wrap"> </span>ɯ<span class="wrap"> </span>u<span class="wrap"> </span>e<span class="wrap"> </span>ə<span class="wrap"> </span>o<span class="wrap"> </span>a/</span>. These are however not related straightforwardly, and numerous additional vowels are required for Proto-Permic, perhaps as many as 15 altogether. The reconstruction of Proto-Permic vocalism and its development from <a href="Proto-Uralic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Uralic">Proto-Uralic</a> has always been a puzzling topic, for which there are several models. There is general agreement on the existence of two series of <a href="Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">close vowels</a>, one of which results in modern <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i<span class="wrap"> </span>ɯ<span class="wrap"> </span>u/</span> in literary Udmurt and literary Komi-Zyryan, the other in correspondences of Udmurt <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e<span class="wrap"> </span>ɯ<span class="wrap"> </span>u/</span> to Komi <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e<span class="wrap"> </span>ə<span class="wrap"> </span>o/</span> (but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i<span class="wrap"> </span>ʉ<span class="wrap"> </span>u/</span> in the <a href="Komi-Yazva_language" title="Komi-Yazva language">Komi-Yazva language</a>). Proposed distinguishing factors for these include length (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*u,<span class="wrap"> </span>*uː</span>), <a href="Tenseness" title="Tenseness">tenseness</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*ʊ,<span class="wrap"> </span>*u</span>) and <a href="Vowel_height" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel height">height</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*u,<span class="wrap"> </span>*o</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Here is the vowel table used in Wiktionary:

</p>

<caption>Proto-Permic vowels

</caption>

</th>

<th colspan="2">Front

</th>

<th colspan="2">Central

</th>

<th colspan="2">Back

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th><small>unrounded</small>

</th>

<th><small>rounded</small>

</th>

<th><small>unrounded</small>

</th>

<th><small>rounded</small>

</th>

<th><small>unrounded</small>

</th>

<th><small>rounded</small>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>Close

</th>

<td>i

</td>

<td>ü

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>u̇

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>u

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Close-Mid

</th>

<td>e

</td>

<td>ö

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>ȯ

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>o

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Mid

</th>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Open-Mid

</th>

<td>ɛ

</td>

<td>ɔ̈

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>ɔ̇

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>ɔ

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Open

</th>

<td>ä

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>a

</td>

<td>å

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<th colspan="8">Vowel correspondences in Permic languages (word-initial syllable)

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>Proto-Permic

</th>

<th>Old Komi

</th>

<th>Komi-Zyrian

</th>

<th>Komi-Permyak

</th>

<th>Komi-Yazva

</th>

<th>Udmurt

</th>

<th>Finnic

</th>

<th>notes

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>*a

</td>

<td>𐍐

</td>

<td>а

</td>

<td>а

</td>

<td>a

</td>

<td>а

</td>

<td>*a, *ä

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>*å

</td>

<td>𐍐

</td>

<td>а

</td>

<td>а

</td>

<td>a

</td>

<td>у

</td>

<td>*a

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>*ä

</td>

<td>𐍩

</td>

<td>ӧ

</td>

<td>ӧ

</td>

<td>ӧ

</td>

<td>е

</td>

<td>*ä, *e, *i

</td>

<td>Dialectally, Udmurt *ä > ӧ

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>*ɔ

</td>

<td>𐍩

</td>

<td>о

</td>

<td>о

</td>

<td>о

</td>

<td>у

</td>

<td>*ä, *e, *i, *ö, *ü

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>*o

</td>

<td>𐍞

</td>

<td>о

</td>

<td>о

</td>

<td>у

</td>

<td>у

</td>

<td>*a, *ë, *i, *o, *u

</td>

<td>Udmurt *wo- > ва-

<p>Beserman *wo- > ўа-

Irregularly, Udmurt *o > ы/и

Irregularly, Beserman *o > ө

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>*ɛ

</td>

<td>𐍔

</td>

<td>е

</td>

<td>е

</td>

<td>е

</td>

<td>о

</td>

<td>*ä, *e, *i (*ö, *ü)

</td>

<td>Next to palatals, Udmurt *ɛ > е

<p>Irregularly, Udmurt *ɛ > e

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>*e

</td>

<td>𐍱

</td>

<td>е

</td>

<td>е

</td>

<td>и

</td>

<td>о

</td>

<td>*ä, *e, *i (*ö, *ü)

</td>

<td>Next to palatals, Udmurt *e > е

<p>Irregularly, Udmurt *e > e

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>*ɔ̇

</td>

<td>𐍩

</td>

<td>ӧ

</td>

<td>ӧ

</td>

<td>ӧ

</td>

<td>о

</td>

<td>*ä mainly

</td>

<td>Before *l, Udmurt *ɔ̇ > а

<p>Irregularly, Udmurt *ɔ̇ > а

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>*ȯ

</td>

<td>𐍩

</td>

<td>ӧ

</td>

<td>ӧ

</td>

<td>ӱ

</td>

<td>ӧ

</td>

<td>*o, *u mainly

</td>

<td>Udmurt unstressed *ȯ > ы

<p>Beserman unstressed *ȯ > ө

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>*ɔ̈

</td>

<td>𐍩

</td>

<td>ӧ

</td>

<td>ӧ

</td>

<td>ӧ

</td>

<td>ӧ

</td>

<td>*ö, *ü

</td>

<td>Udmurt unstressed *ɔ̈ > у

<p>Irregularly, Komi *ɔ̈ > е

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>*ö

</td>

<td>𐍞

</td>

<td>о

</td>

<td>о

</td>

<td>у

</td>

<td>у

</td>

<td>*ä, e, i, ö, ü

</td>

<td>Beserman *ö > ө

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>*u̇

</td>

<td>𐍨

</td>

<td>ы

</td>

<td>ы

</td>

<td>ө

</td>

<td>ы

</td>

<td>*u, *ü mainly

</td>

<td>Beserman *u̇ > ө

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>*i

</td>

<td>𐍙

</td>

<td>и

</td>

<td>и

</td>

<td>и

</td>

<td>и

</td>

<td>*i, *e mainly

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>*u

</td>

<td>𐍣

</td>

<td>у

</td>

<td>у

</td>

<td>у

</td>

<td>у

</td>

<td>*a, *o mainly

</td>

<td>Irregularly, Udmurt *u > ы/и

<p>Irregularly, Beserman *u > ө

</p>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>*ü

</td>

<td>𐍣

</td>

<td>у

</td>

<td>у

</td>

<td>у

</td>

<td>у

</td>

<td>*ä, *e *i, *ö, *ü

</td>

<td>Beserman *ü > ө

<p>Irregularly, Udmurt *u > ы/и

</p>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<th colspan="7">Vowel correspondences in Permic languages (non-initial syllable)

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>Proto-Permic

</th>

<th>Old Komi

</th>

<th>Komi-Zyrian

</th>

<th>Komi-Permyak

</th>

<th>Komi-Yazva

</th>

<th>Udmurt

</th>

<th>notes

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>*a

</td>

<td>𐍐

</td>

<td>а

</td>

<td>а

</td>

<td>a

</td>

<td>а / о

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>*ä

</td>

<td>𐍩

</td>

<td>ӧ

</td>

<td>ӧ

</td>

<td>ө

</td>

<td>е

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>*i

</td>

<td>𐍙 / 𐍨

</td>

<td>и / ы

</td>

<td>и / ы

</td>

<td>и / ө

</td>

<td>и / ы / у

</td>

<td>different realisations in

<p>dialectal Udmurt

</p>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphophonology">Morphophonology</h2></div>

<p>Noun <a href="Word_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Word root">roots</a> in the Permic languages are predominantly monosyllabic and invariable with the canonical shape (C)VC. CV roots, such as Udmurt ву /ʋu/, Komi and Permyak ва /ʋa/ 'water', and (C)VCC roots, such as Udmurt урт /urt/, Komi орт /ort/ 'soul', exist as well. In Udmurt, there are furthermore a number of bisyllabic roots, mostly of the shape (C)VCɯ.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In noun roots with certain final clusters, the second consonant surfaces only when followed with a vowel in inflected or derived forms :

</p>

<th>Full cluster</th>

<th>Shortens to</th>

<th>Example

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>син <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɕin/</span> 'eye'

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>шеп <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃep/</span> 'ear of corn'

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>кык <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kɯk/</span> '2'

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>мус <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mus/</span> 'liver'

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>мыш <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mɯʃ/</span> 'back'

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>юсь <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/juɕ/</span> 'swan'

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>Udmurt has similar alternation for a number of other clusters of the shape <i>voiced consonant</i>+/m/, while Komi-Zyryan adds a number of clusters of the shape <i>voiced consonant</i>+/j/.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The verb root for 'to come': Udmurt лыкты- <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lɯktɯ-/</span>, Komi локты- <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/loktɯ-/</span> also shows alternation to plain /k/ in e.g. the imperative (in Udmurt only dialectally).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFRantanenTolvanenRooseYlikoski2022" class="citation journal cs1">Rantanen, Timo; Tolvanen, Harri; Roose, Meeli; Ylikoski, Jussi; Vesakoski, Outi (2022-06-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9176854">"Best practices for spatial language data harmonization, sharing and map creation—A case study of Uralic"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>17</b> (6): e0269648. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PLoSO..1769648R">2022PLoSO..1769648R</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0269648">10.1371/journal.pone.0269648</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9176854">9176854</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35675367">35675367</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rantanen, Timo, Vesakoski, Outi, Ylikoski, Jussi, & Tolvanen, Harri. (2021). <i>Geographical database of the Uralic languages</i> (v1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4784188">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4784188</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-graz-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-graz_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-graz_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFScheucher,_Bernhard" class="citation web cs1">Scheucher, Bernhard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023117/http://languageserver.uni-graz.at/ls/desc?id=154&type=r">"The Permic Languages"</a>. <i>LanguageServer - the Languages of the World</i>. The University of Graz. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://languageserver.uni-graz.at/ls/desc?id=154&type=r">the original</a> on March 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-case-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-case_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKittilä,_SeppoVästiYlikoski2011" class="citation book cs1">Kittilä, Seppo; Västi, Katja; Ylikoski, Jussi (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EQMIpcwerrIC"><i>Case, Animacy and Semantic Roles</i></a>. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 354. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9789027206800</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-23</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERiese2015249-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiese2015249_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiese2015249_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiese2015249_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiese2015249_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRiese2015">Riese2015</a>, p. 249.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartens200033-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartens200033_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartens2000">Bartens 2000</a>, p. 33.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECsúcs2005101–102-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECsúcs2005101–102_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCsúcs2005">Csúcs 2005</a>, pp. 101–102.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELytkin197010–21-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELytkin197010–21_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLytkin1970">Lytkin 1970</a>, pp. 10–21.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartens 2000, p. 51-52</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartens 2000, p. 55-56</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartens 2000, p. 66</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartens 2000, p. 69-71</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartens 2000, p. 178</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFLytkin1957" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lytkin, Vasily (1957). <i>Историческая грамматика коми языка</i> (in Russian). Syktyvkar: Коми книжное издательство.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLytkin1964" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lytkin, Vasily (1964). <i>Исторический вокализм пермских языков</i> (in Russian). Moscow: Наука.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLytkin1970" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lytkin, Vasily (1970). <i>Краткий этимологический словарь коми языка</i> (in Russian). Moscow: Наука.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBartens2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bartens, Raija (2000). <i>Permiläisten kielten rakenne ja kehitys</i> (in Finnish). Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>952-5150-55-0</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCsúcs2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Csúcs, Sándor (2005). <i>Die Rekonstruktion der permischen Grundsprache</i>. Bibliotheca Uralica (in German). Vol. 13. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>963-05-8184-1</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRiese2015" class="citation book cs1">Riese, Timothy (8 April 2015). Abondolo, Daniel (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VWDxBwAAQBAJ"><i>The Uralic Languages</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">249–</span>275. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-136-13500-2</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Ante_Aikio" title="Ante Aikio">Ante, Aikio</a>. "Studies in Uralic Etymology V: Permic Etymologies". In: <i>Linguistica Uralica</i> LVII, nr. 3 (2021): 161–179. DOI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3176/lu.2021.3.01">https://dx.doi.org/10.3176/lu.2021.3.01</a></li>

<li>Fedjunjova, Galina. "Etnitsheskije kontakty i divergentsija permskich jazykov" [Ethnic Contacts and the Divergence of the Permic Languages]. In: <i>Linguistica Uralica</i> 50, nr. 2 (2014). pp. 109–121. DOI: 10.3176/lu.2014.2.03</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><i>S. K. Belykh.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.udmurt.info/library/belykh/swadesh.htm">Swadesh list for Permic languages</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Permic-languages#ref258838">Permic languages</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Uralic_languages421" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="List_of_Uralic_languages" title="List of Uralic languages">List of Uralic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Bjarmian_languages" title="Bjarmian languages">Bjarmian Finnic</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Laiuse_Romani_language" title="Laiuse Romani language">Laiuse Romani</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Northeastern_coastal_Estonian" title="Northeastern coastal Estonian">Northeastern coastal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="South_Estonian" title="South Estonian">South Estonian</a>

<li><a href="Mulgi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulgi dialect">Mulgi</a></li>

<li><a href="Tartu_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartu dialect">Tartu</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Ludza_dialect" title="Ludza dialect">Ludza</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Kraasna_dialect" title="Kraasna dialect">Kraasna</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Leivu_dialect" title="Leivu dialect">Leivu</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>

<ul><li><a href="American_Finnish" title="American Finnish">Fingelska</a></li>

<li><a href="Me%C3%A4nkieli" title="Meänkieli">Meänkieli</a></li>

<li><a href="Siberian_Finnish" title="Siberian Finnish">Siberian Finnish</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ingrian_language" title="Ingrian language">Ingrian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Siberian_Ingrian_Finnish" title="Siberian Ingrian Finnish">Siberian Ingrian Finnish</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Karelian_Proper_language" title="Karelian Proper language">Karelian proper</a></li>

<li><a href="Livvi-Karelian_language" title="Livvi-Karelian language">Livvi</a></li>

<li><a href="Ludic_language" title="Ludic language">Ludic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Salaca_Livonian" title="Salaca Livonian">Salaca</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Votic_language" title="Votic language">Votic</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Krevinian_dialect" title="Krevinian dialect">Krevinian</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Kukkuzi_dialect" title="Kukkuzi dialect">Kukkuzi</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Sámi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Akkala_S%C3%A1mi" title="Akkala Sámi">Akkala</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Inari_S%C3%A1mi_language" title="Inari Sámi language">Inari</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Kainuu_S%C3%A1mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kainuu Sámi">Kainuu</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Kildin_Sami" class="mw-redirect" title="Kildin Sami">Kildin</a></li>

<li><a href="Skolt_S%C3%A1mi" title="Skolt Sámi">Skolt</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Sámi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Northern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Northern Sámi">Northern</a></li>

<li><a href="Southern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Southern Sámi">Southern</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Bjarmian_languages" title="Bjarmian languages">Bjarmian Sámi</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mordvinic_languages" title="Mordvinic languages">Mordvinic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a>

<ul><li><a href="Shoksha_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoksha dialect">Shoksha dialect</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Meadow_Mari_language" title="Meadow Mari language">Meadow Mari</a></li>

<li><a href="Northwestern_Mari_language" title="Northwestern Mari language">Northwestern Mari</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Komi

<ul><li><a href="Komi-Permyak_language" title="Komi-Permyak language">Permyak</a></li>

<li><a href="Komi-Yazva_language" title="Komi-Yazva language">Yazva</a></li>

<li><a href="Komi_language" title="Komi language">Zyryan</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a>

<ul><li><a href="Besermyan#Culture" title="Besermyan">Besermyan</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ugric_languages" title="Ugric languages">Ugric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ob-Ugric_languages" title="Ob-Ugric languages">Eastern Ugric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Khanty_languages" title="Khanty languages">Khanty</a>

<ul><li><a href="Northern_Khanty_language" title="Northern Khanty language">Northern Khanty</a></li>

<li><a href="Southern_Khanty_language" title="Southern Khanty language">Southern Khanty</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Khanty_language" title="Eastern Khanty language">Eastern Khanty</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mansi_languages" title="Mansi languages">Mansi</a>

<ul><li><a href="Northern_Mansi" title="Northern Mansi">Northern Mansi</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Western_Mansi_language" title="Western Mansi language">Western Mansi</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Eastern_Mansi" title="Eastern Mansi">Eastern Mansi</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Southern_Mansi_language" title="Southern Mansi language">Southern Mansi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Ugric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Samoyedic_languages" title="Samoyedic languages">Samoyedic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Enets_language" title="Enets language">Enets</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Kamas_language" title="Kamas language">Kamas</a></i>

<ul><li><i><a href="Koibal_dialect" title="Koibal dialect">Koibal</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Mator_language" title="Mator language">Mator</a></i>

<ul><li><i><a href="Taygi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Taygi language">Taygi</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Karagas_language_(Uralic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karagas language (Uralic)">Karagas</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nenets_languages" title="Nenets languages">Nenets</a>

<ul><li><a href="Forest_Nenets_language" title="Forest Nenets language">Forest Nenets</a></li>

<li><a href="Tundra_Nenets_language" title="Tundra Nenets language">Tundra Nenets</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nganasan_language" title="Nganasan language">Nganasan</a></li>

<li><a href="Selkup_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Selkup language">Selkup</a>

<ul><li><a href="Northern_Selkup_language" title="Northern Selkup language">Northern</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Yurats_language" title="Yurats language">Yurats</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Merya_language" title="Merya language">Merya</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Meshchera_language" title="Meshchera language">Meshcherian</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Muromian_language" title="Muromian language">Muromian</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Proto-Uralic_language" title="Proto-Uralic language">Proto-Uralic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Proto-Uralic_homeland" title="Proto-Uralic homeland">homeland</a></li>

<li><a href="Proto-Finnic_language" title="Proto-Finnic language">Proto-Finnic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Proto-Karelian_language" title="Proto-Karelian language">Proto-Karelian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Proto-S%C3%A1mi_language" title="Proto-Sámi language">Proto-Sámi</a></li>

<li><a href="Proto-Samoyedic_language" title="Proto-Samoyedic language">Proto-Samoyedic</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li>

<li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-16" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Permic_languages&oldid=1300814554">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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